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Hercules Graphics Card

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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Hercules Graphics Card</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">HGC with parallel port</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">1982 (1982)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Architecture</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Motorola_6845" title="Motorola 6845">Motorola 6845</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-size:105%;"><a href="Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Cards</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Entry-level</th><td class="infobox-data">Hercules Graphics Card</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Mid-range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Hercules_Graphics_Card_Plus">Hercules Graphics Card Plus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">High-end</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Hercules_InColor_Card" title="Hercules InColor Card">Hercules InColor Card</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-size:105%;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">MDA</a>, <a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">CGA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">Enhanced Graphics Adapter</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

The Hercules Graphics Card (HGC) is a computer <a href="Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">graphics controller</a> formerly made by <a href="Hercules_Computer_Technology" title="Hercules Computer Technology">Hercules Computer Technology, Inc.</a> that combines <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="Text-based_user_interface" title="Text-based user interface">text-only</a> <a href="IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">MDA</a> display standard with a <a href="Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">bitmapped graphics</a> mode, also offering a <a href="Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">parallel printer port</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> This allows the HGC to offer both high-quality text and graphics from a single card.

The HGC was very popular and became a widely supported <a href="De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard">de facto</a> <a href="Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">display standard</a> on <a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatibles</a>. The HGC standard was used long after more technically capable systems had entered the market, especially on <a href="Dual-monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-monitor">dual-monitor</a> setups.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The Hercules Graphics Card was released to fill a gap in the IBM video product lineup. When the <a href="IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a> was launched in 1981, it had two graphics cards available: the <a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">Color Graphics Adapter</a> (CGA) and the <a href="Monochrome_Display_Adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochrome Display Adapter">Monochrome Display And Printer Adapter</a> (MDA). CGA offered low-resolution (320 × 200) color graphics and medium-resolution (640 × 200) monochrome graphics, while MDA offers a sharper text mode (equivalent to 720 × 350) but has no per-pixel addressing modes and is limited to a fixed <a href="Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character set</a>.

These adapters were quickly found to be inadequate by the market, creating a demand for a card that offers high-resolution graphics and text.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The founder of <a href="Hercules_Computer_Technology" title="Hercules Computer Technology">Hercules Computer Technology</a>, Van Suwannukul, created the Hercules Graphics Card so that he could work on his <a href="Thesis" title="Thesis">doctoral thesis</a> on an <a href="IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> using the <a href="Thai_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai alphabet</a>, impossible with the low resolution of CGA or the fixed character set of MDA.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It initially retailed in 1982 for $499.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_design">Hardware design</h2></div>

The original HGC is an <a href="Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">8-bit ISA</a> card with 64 KB of <a href="Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>, visible on the board as eight 4164 RAM chips, and a <a href="D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">DE-9 output</a> compatible with the <a href="IBM_5151" title="IBM 5151">IBM monochrome monitor</a> used with the MDA. Like the MDA, it includes a parallel interface for attaching a printer.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a>

The video output is 5 V <a href="Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">TTL</a>, as with the MDA card.<a href="#cite_note-nemesis-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ports-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Nominally, the Hercules card provides a horizontal scanning frequency of 18.425 ± 0.500 kHz and 50 Hz vertical.<a href="#cite_note-industrial-monitors-9">[9]</a> It runs at two slightly different sets of frequencies depending on whether in text or graphics mode, providing a different vertical refresh rate and a different aspect ratio via a different pixel clock and number of scanlines.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capabilities">Capabilities</h2></div>

The Hercules card provides two modes:

<ul><li>80 × 25 <a href="Text_mode" title="Text mode">text mode</a> with 9 × 14 pixel font (effective resolution of 720 × 350, MDA-compatible)</li>

<li>720 × 348 graphics mode (pixel-addressable graphics)<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a></li></ul>

The text mode of the Hercules card uses the same signal timing as the MDA text mode.

The Hercules graphics mode is similar to the CGA high-resolution (640 × 200) two-color mode; the <a href="Framebuffer" title="Framebuffer">video buffer</a> contains a packed-pixel bitmap (eight pixels per byte, one bit per pixel) with the same byte format—including the pixel-to-bit mapping and byte order—as the CGA two-color graphics mode, and the video buffer is also split into interleaved banks, each 8 KB in size.

However, because in the Hercules graphics mode there are more than 256 scanlines and the display buffer size is nearly 32 KB (instead of 16 KB as in all CGA graphics modes), four interleaved banks are used in the Hercules mode instead of two as in the CGA modes. Also, to represent 720 pixels per line instead of 640 as on the CGA, each scanline has 90 bytes of pixel data instead of 80.<a href="#cite_note-manual101-11">[11]</a>

The 64 KB RAM of the HGC can hold two graphics display pages. Either page can be selected for display by setting a single bit in the Mode Control Register. Another bit, in a configuration register exclusive to the HGC, determines whether the second 32 KB of RAM on the HGC is accessible to the CPU at the base address B8000h. This bit is reset at system reset (e.g. power-on) so that the card does not conflict with a CGA or other color card at address B8000h.<a href="#cite_note-manual101b-12">[12]</a>

In text mode, the HGC appears exactly like an MDA card.<a href="#cite_note-wadlow198312-13">[13]</a> Graphics mode requires new techniques to use. Unlike the MDA and CGA, the <a href="BIOS" title="BIOS">PC BIOS</a> provides no intrinsic support for the HGC. Hercules developed extensions, called HBASIC, for <a href="IBM_BASIC" title="IBM BASIC">IBM Advanced BASIC</a> to add HGC support<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and Hercules cards came with Graph X, a <a href="Software_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Software library">software library</a> for Hercules graphical-mode support and <a href="Geometric_primitive" title="Geometric primitive">geometric primitives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wadlow198312-13">[13]</a>

Popular IBM PC programs such as <a href="Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a> spreadsheet,<a href="#cite_note-wadlow198312-13">[13]</a> <a href="AutoCAD" title="AutoCAD">AutoCAD</a> computer-aided drafting, <a href="Pagemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagemaker">Pagemaker</a> and <a href="Xerox_Ventura" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox Ventura">Xerox Ventura</a> desktop publishing, and <a href="Microsoft_Flight_Simulator_2.0" title="Microsoft Flight Simulator 2.0">Microsoft Flight Simulator 2.0</a> came with their own drivers to use the Hercules graphics mode.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

Though the graphics mode of the Hercules card is not CGA-compatible, it is similar enough to the two CGA graphics modes that with the use of third-party <a href="Terminate-and-stay-resident_program" title="Terminate-and-stay-resident program">terminate-and-stay-resident programs</a> it can also work with programs written for the CGA card's standard graphics modes. As the Hercules card does not actually have color-generating circuitry, nor can it connect to a color monitor, color appears as simulated grayscale in varying <a href="Dither" title="Dither">dithering patterns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<a href="Clone_(computing)" title="Clone (computing)">Clones</a> of the Hercules appeared, including generic models at very low prices, usually without the printer port. Hercules advertisements implied that use of generic Hercules clones can damage the monitor.<a href="#cite_note-Byte_Magazine-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div>

The Hercules Graphics Card was very successful, especially after Lotus 1-2-3 supported it, with one-half million units sold by 1985. As of June 1986 Hercules Computer Technology had 18% of the graphics card market, second to IBM.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Hercules-compatible graphics cards shipped as standard hardware with most <a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">PC clones</a>. As a <a href="De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard">de facto standard</a>, support in software was widespread.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Card_versions">Card versions</h2></div>

The Hercules Graphics Card had several versions.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hercules_Graphics_Card">Hercules Graphics Card</h3></div>

Several updated versions of the original Hercules Graphics Card exist. The original board from 1982 is referenced as GB100, with updated versions in 1983 (GB101), 1984 (GB102) and 1988 (GB102Z).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hercules_Graphics_Card_Plus">Hercules Graphics Card Plus</h3></div>

The Hercules Graphics Card Plus or HGC+ (GB112) was released in June 1986 at an original retail price of $299.<a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_1_Sep_19862-22">[22]</a> It was an enhancement of the HGC, adding support for redefinable fonts called RAMFONT in <a href="IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">MDA</a>-compatible text mode.<a href="#cite_note-Elliott_2012_HGCPlus2-23">[23]</a> It was based around a specialty chip designed by Hercules Computer Technology, unlike the original Hercules Graphics Card, which used standard components.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Software support included <a href="Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a> v2, <a href="Lotus_Symphony_(MS-DOS)" title="Lotus Symphony (MS-DOS)">Symphony</a> 1.1, <a href="Framework_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Framework II">Framework II</a> and <a href="Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a> 3.<a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_1_Sep_19862-22">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hercules_Network_Card_Plus">Hercules Network Card Plus</h3></div>

In 1988 Hercules released the Hercules Network Card Plus, (HNC NB112) a variant of the Graphics Card Plus with an integrated <a href="TOPS_(file_server)" title="TOPS (file server)">TOPS</a>/FlashTalk-compatible network adapter.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Like the HGC+, it supported RAMFONT, but lacked a printer port.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hercules_InColor_Card">Hercules InColor Card</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Hercules_InColor_Card" title="Hercules InColor Card">Hercules InColor Card</a></div>

The InColor Card (GB222) was introduced in April 1987. It included color capabilities similar to the <a href="Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">EGA</a>, with 16 colors from a palette of 64. It retained the same two modes (80 × 25 text with redefinable fonts and 720 × 348 graphics), and was backward-compatible with software written for the earlier monochrome Hercules cards.<a href="#cite_note-Elliot_2012_InColor-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilton_1993-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown_2000_RBIL-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-33">[33]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hercules_Color_Card">Hercules Color Card</h3></div>

The Hercules Color Card (GB200) was a CGA-compatible video board and should not be confused with the InColor Card.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> This board could coexist with the HGC and still allow both graphics pages to be used.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> It would detect when the second graphics page was selected and disable access to its own memory, which would otherwise have been at the same addresses. A version without printer port exists<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hercules_Text_Card">Hercules Text Card</h3></div>

The Hercules Text Card was a text-only MDA clone, but offered a parallel printer port.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clone_boards">Clone boards</h2></div>

Other boards offered Hercules compatibility.<a href="#cite_note-vgamuseum-38">[38]</a>

<li><a href="ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI</a> Small Wonder Graphics Solution, 18700, Graphics Solution Plus</li>

<li><a href="Tamarack_Microelectronics" title="Tamarack Microelectronics">Tamarack Microelectronics</a> TD3088A, TD3088A2, TD3088A3, TD3010, RY-3301, TD3010</li>

<li><a href="Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> V6366C-F, V6363-F, V6363</li>

<li><a href="Winbond" title="Winbond">Winbond</a> W86855AF, W86855AF</li>

<li><a href="Tseng_Labs" title="Tseng Labs">Tseng Labs</a> ET1000-A</li>

<li><a href="Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a> HD6445P4, HD6845SP</li>

<li>Proton PT6121T</li>

<li><a href="Sigma_Designs" title="Sigma Designs">Sigma Designs</a> 53C101+53C280A</li>

<li><a href="AST_Research" title="AST Research">AST Research</a> AST Preview!<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li></ul>

Certain later models of the <a href="Tandy_1000" title="Tandy 1000">Tandy 1000</a> (such as the 1000 TL and SL) and the <a href="Epson_Equity" title="Epson Equity">Epson Equity</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-40">[40]</a> contained circuitry built into their CPU boards that supported Hercules display modes in addition to their standard CGA modes.

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Tseng_Labs" title="Tseng Labs">Tseng</a> ET-1000 Hercules compatible card</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI</a> Hercules compatible card from 1986</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">A <a href="Tamarack_Microelectronics" title="Tamarack Microelectronics">Tamarack Microelectronics</a> Hercules compatible card</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Uncle-RAY Hercules compatible card</div>

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</ul>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:HGC" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:HGC">HGC</a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Orchid_Graphics_Adapter" title="Orchid Graphics Adapter">Orchid Graphics Adapter</a></li>

<li><a href="Plantronics_Colorplus" title="Plantronics Colorplus">Plantronics Colorplus</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">IBM Monochrome Display Adapter</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">Color Graphics Adapter</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_display_interfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="List of display interfaces">List of display interfaces</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_defunct_graphics_chips_and_card_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of defunct graphics chips and card companies">List of defunct graphics chips and card companies</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BzAEAAAAMBAJ&q=infoworld+1982+hercules&pg=PA77">"Hardware News"</a>. InfoWorld. 27 September 1982. p. 77.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retrocmp.de/hardware/hercules-card/hercules-card.htm#hgc">"Hardware / Hercules Computer Technology, HTC // retrocmp / retro computing"</a>. retrocmp.de. Retrieved 2023-04-13.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGibson1988" class="citation news cs1">Gibson, Steve (19 Sep 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mDoEAAAAMBAJ&q=IBM+MDA+more+popular+than+CGA&pg=PA49">"IBM's EGA unified backward-compatible CGA, MDA, Hercules standards"</a>. InfoWorld. p. 49.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2jkWJsu_9CoC&q=van+suwannukul+hercules&pg=RA1-PA96">"Monitors for VGA and beyond"</a>. PC Magazine. 16 May 1989. p. 96.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWelch1986" class="citation news cs1">Welch, Mark (1 September 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cS8EAAAAMBAJ&dq=hercules+graphics+price&pg=PA42">"Hercules improves its monochrome card"</a>. InfoWorld. p. 42.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nemesis-6"><a href="#cite_ref-nemesis_6-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140511072035/http://nemesis.lonestar.org/reference/video/ega.html">"IBM PC-Compatible EGA Video Reference"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nemesis.lonestar.org/reference/video/ega.html">the original</a> on 2014-05-11. Retrieved 2007-08-22.</cite> 070822 nemesis.lonestar.org

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<li id="cite_note-ports-7"><a href="#cite_ref-ports_7-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWhite2004" class="citation web cs1">White, Ray (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322001323/https://whitefiles.org/b1_s/1_free_guides/fg1mt/pgs/h10f.htm">"Monitor Ports - Obsolete Interfaces"</a>. Technology Guides. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitefiles.org/b1_s/1_free_guides/fg1mt/pgs/h10f.htm">the original</a> on 2017-03-22.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317051011/http://www.epanorama.net/links/pc_video.html#monitor">"PC video hardware page: Monitor connections"</a>. ePanorama.net. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epanorama.net/links/pc_video.html#monitor">the original</a> on 2017-03-17. Retrieved 2023-04-13.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-industrial-monitors-9"><a href="#cite_ref-industrial-monitors_9-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202201848/http://www.adm-electronic.de/pdf/MNL115_ita_eng.pdf">"Industrial monochrome monitors 7"–14""</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adm-electronic.de/pdf/MNL115_ita_eng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2007-02-02.</cite> 070822 adm-electronic.de

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFPointing1989" class="citation news cs1">Pointing, Bob (June 26, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTAEAAAAMBAJ&q=infoworld+1982+hercules&pg=PT47">"High-Resolution Standard Is Latest Step in DOS Graphics Evolution"</a>. InfoWorld. p. 48.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-manual101-11"><a href="#cite_ref-manual101_11-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">Hercules Graphics Card Owner's Manual. p. 16.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-manual101b-12"><a href="#cite_ref-manual101b_12-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">Hercules Graphics Card Owner's Manual. p. 3.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-wadlow198312-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wadlow198312_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wadlow198312_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wadlow198312_13-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFWadlow1983" class="citation news cs1">Wadlow, Tom (December 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-12/1983_12_BYTE_08-12_Easy_Software#page/n343/mode/2up">"The Hercules Graphics Card"</a>. BYTE. p. 343. Retrieved 2013-10-20.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWadlow1983" class="citation news cs1">Wadlow, Tom (December 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/acrobat/8312.pdf">"The Hercules Graphics Card"</a> (PDF). BYTE Magazine. p. 343.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mobygames.com/game/pc-booter/microsoft-flight-simulator-v20/cover-art/gameCoverId,2149/">"Microsoft Flight Simulator (v2.0) back cover scan"</a>. MobyGames. May 1984.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/6963/how-do-cga-emulators-for-hercules-graphics-work">"ibm pc - How do CGA emulators for Hercules graphics work?"</a>. Retrocomputing Stack Exchange. Retrieved 2021-02-07.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dosdays.co.uk/topics/cga_simulators_for_hercules.php">"CGA Simulators for Hercules Cards"</a>. DOS Days - Old PC Computing Resource. Retrieved 2022-12-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGuzis1987" class="citation web cs1">Guzis, C. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203150326/https://www.pcorner.com/list/GRAPHUTI/SIMCGA41.ZIP/INFO/">"SIMCGA - A CGA SIMULATOR FOR MONOCHROME GRAPHICS CARDS"</a>. The Programmer's Corner. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcorner.com/list/GRAPHUTI/SIMCGA41.ZIP/INFO/">the original</a> on 2022-12-03. Retrieved 2022-12-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Byte_Magazine-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Byte_Magazine_19-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1985-04-rescan/page/n25">"Hercules ad from Byte Magazine April 1985"</a>. Byte Magazine. April 1985.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBright1986" class="citation news cs1">Bright, David (June 23, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mop2UUCt4kIC&q=computerworld+hercules+1982&pg=PA52">"Hercules graphics card to debut"</a>. Computerworld. p. 52.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrase" class="citation web cs1">Brase, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retrocmp.de/hardware/hercules-card/hercules-card.htm#hgc">"Hardware / Hercules Computer Technology, Hercules Graphics Cards (HGC)"</a>. retrocmp.de - BRING OLD HARDWARE BACK TO LIFE AGAIN. Retrieved 2023-04-13.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-InfoWorld_1_Sep_19862-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InfoWorld_1_Sep_19862_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-InfoWorld_1_Sep_19862_22-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFWelch1986" class="citation news cs1">Welch, Mark (September 1, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cS8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA41">"Hercules improves its monochrome card"</a>. InfoWorld. p. 41.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Elliott_2012_HGCPlus2-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_2012_HGCPlus2_23-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFElliott2012" class="citation web cs1">Elliott, John C. (2012-08-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seasip.info/VintagePC/hercplus.html">"Hercules Graphics Card Plus: Notes"</a>. John Elliott's homepage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123124757/http://www.seasip.info/VintagePC/hercplus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2016-11-23.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/198610ByteMagazineVol1111InsideTheIBMPC/198610%20Byte%20Magazine%20Vol%2011-11%20Inside%20the%20IBM%20PC#page/n259/mode/2up/search/RAMfont">"Inside the IBM PC: Before you consider the Hercules Graphics Card Plus consider the technology behind it"</a>. <a href="Byte_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byte Magazine">Byte Magazine</a> (Advertisement). 11. October 1986. Retrieved 2016-11-24.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStephensMoran1988" class="citation news cs1">Stephens; Moran (March 21, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9j4EAAAAMBAJ&q=hercules+network+card&pg=PA21">"Hercules to ship card after 3-month delay"</a>. InfoWorld. p. 21.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCW1988" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">CW (1988-04-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerwoche.de/a/grafik-und-netzwerk-auf-einer-karte,1154889">"Hercules bringt neues PC-Board mit Ramfont: Grafik und Netzwerk auf einer Karte"</a>. <a href="Computerwoche" title="Computerwoche">Computerwoche</a> (in German). Retrieved 2016-11-24.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voPUUGTC56UC&pg=PA262">"Hercules Network Card Plus"</a>. <a href="PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a>. 1988-05-31. Retrieved 2016-11-24.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPatton1987" class="citation news cs1">Patton, Carole (October 26, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_z4EAAAAMBAJ&q=hercules+network+card+parallel&pg=PA20">"Hercules Weds Networking and Video on 1 Board"</a>. InfoWorld. p. 20.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Elliot_2012_InColor-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_2012_InColor_29-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFElliott2012" class="citation web cs1">Elliott, John C. (2012-08-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seasip.info/VintagePC/incolor.html">"Hercules InColor Card: Notes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123123816/http://www.seasip.info/VintagePC/incolor.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2016-11-23.</cite> (Pictures and programming information)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Wilton_1993-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilton_1993_30-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilton1987" class="citation book cs1">Wilton, Richard (1987). Programmer's guide to the PC & PS/2 video systems (1st ed.). <a href="Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55615-103-9</bdi>.</cite> (NB. The second edition does no longer discuss the InColor and <a href="Multi-Color_Graphics_Array" title="Multi-Color Graphics Array">MCGA</a> cards at detail level.)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Brown_2000_RBIL-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_2000_RBIL_31-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Ralf_D._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralf D. Brown">Brown, Ralf D.</a> (2012-01-21) [2000-07-16]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/files.html">"Public Files on FTP.CS.CMU.EDU - The x86 Interrupt List aka "Ralf Brown's Interrupt List" (RBIL)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616113421/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/files.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2016-06-16.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:02-32"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_32-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrase" class="citation web cs1">Brase, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retrocmp.de/hardware/hercules-card/hercules-card.htm#hicc">"Hardware / Hercules Computer Technology, Hercules InColor Card (GB222)"</a>. retrocmp - retro computing. Retrieved 2023-03-01.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-33"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCBR_Staff_Writer1987" class="citation news cs1">CBR Staff Writer (March 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techmonitor.ai/technology/personal_graphics_hercules_to_burst_into_16_colours">"PERSONAL GRAPHICS: HERCULES TO BURST INTO 16 COLOURS"</a>. Tech Monitor.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minuszerodegrees.net/manuals/Hercules/Hercules%20Color%20Card%20GB200%20-%20Owner's%20Manual%20-%20PARTIAL.pdf">Hercules Color Card GB200 - Owner's Manual</a> (PDF). Hercules.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrase" class="citation web cs1">Brase, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retrocmp.de/hardware/hercules-card/hercules-card.htm#hcc">"Hardware / Hercules Computer Technology, Hercules Color Card (GB200)"</a>. retrocmp.de - BRING OLD HARDWARE BACK TO LIFE AGAIN. Retrieved 2023-03-13.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrase" class="citation web cs1">Brase, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retrocmp.de/hardware/hercules-card/hercules-card.htm#hccnp">"Hardware / Hercules Computer Technology, Hercules Color Card/NP"</a>. retrocmp.de. Retrieved 2023-04-13.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrase" class="citation web cs1">Brase, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retrocmp.de/hardware/hercules-card/hercules-card.htm#htc">"Hardware / Hercules Computer Technology, Hercules Text Card"</a>. retrocmp.de - BRING OLD HARDWARE BACK TO LIFE AGAIN. Retrieved 2023-04-13.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-vgamuseum-38"><a href="#cite_ref-vgamuseum_38-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140629122627/http://www.vgamuseum.info/index.php/component/content/article/59-vlasks-articles/index.php?option=com_customproperties&view=show&task=show&cp_made=&cp_bus=&cp_memsize=&cp_year=&cp_memory=&cp_family=&cp_cardtype=hercules&cp_owner=&cp_directx=&cp_opengl=&cp_pipelines=&cp_manufacturer=&cp_process=&cp_text_search=">"VGA Legacy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vgamuseum.info/index.php/component/content/article/59-vlasks-articles/index.php?option=com_customproperties&view=show&task=show&cp_made=&cp_bus=&cp_memsize=&cp_year=&cp_memory=&cp_family=&cp_cardtype=hercules&cp_owner=&cp_directx=&cp_opengl=&cp_pipelines=&cp_manufacturer=&cp_process=&cp_text_search=">the original</a> on 2014-06-29. Retrieved 2014-06-28.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vintageapple.org/byte/pdf/198509_Byte_Magazine_Vol_10-09_10th_Anniversary_Issue.pdf">Byte Magazine September 1985, page 19</a> (PDF). 1985. p. 19.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:9-40"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_40-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.support.epson.com/pdf/e1p___/e1p___u1.pdf">Equity I+ User's Guide and Diagnostics</a> (PDF). Epson. 1986.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li>Wilton, Richard (1987) Programmer's Guide To PC and PS/2 Video Systems, Microsoft Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55615-103-9</bdi></li>

<li>Hercules Computer Technology (1987) Hercules Compatibility Guide (a leaflet)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wi-fiplanet.webopedia.com/TERM/H/Hercules_graphics.html">"Hercules graphics" definition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050325212616/http://wi-fiplanet.webopedia.com/TERM/H/Hercules_graphics.html">Archived</a> 2005-03-25 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Wi-FiPlanet.com</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/51886">How to Print Hercules Graphics SCREEN 3 to an Epson Printer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090510000628/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/51886">Archived</a> 2009-05-10 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft.com</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1130121">Hercules Monochrome Graphics Adapter</a>, <a href="Everything2.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Everything2.com">Everything2.com</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Computer_display_standards178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_computer_display_standards" title="List of computer display standards">Computer display standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">PC-compatible video hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Plantronics_Colorplus" title="Plantronics Colorplus">Plantronics</a> (1982)</li>

<li><a href="Quadram_Quadcolor" title="Quadram Quadcolor">Quadcolor</a> (1983)</li>

<li><a href="Tandy_Graphics_Adapter" title="Tandy Graphics Adapter">Tandy</a> (1984)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard <a href="Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">display resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Widescreen" title="Widescreen">Widescreen</a> <a href="Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">display resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

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